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Information Architecture

Review by Mary Joan Crowley (Sapienza University of Rome)

" The Journal of Information Architecture '- ISSN 19037260 - is a new semi-annual academic journal in English, with a system peer-reviewed, published by REG-iA ( Research and Education Group in Information Architecture ) international initiative promoted dall'IAI ( Information Architecture Institute) and connected to Copenhagen Business School.

The IAI was created in January 2008, now has among its members, researchers and professionals from Denmark, Sweden, Italy (Andrea Resmini, Luca Rosati), Poland and Norway. The founding premise of the group is that although the information architecture is a profession now recognized < style="font-style: italic;"> phrase "information architecture") is not an academic discipline is still in effect (such as a mountain of other essentials, of course ... ) and, with a few exceptions, does not constitute a course of study in schools and universities
The Institute for Information Architecture defines its object (IA) as "the science and art" to classify websites, intranets, online communities and software that facilitates usability and accessibility, and encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including library science, informatics, social computing, engineering (design ) information, visual design, and so on.

The magazine was presented during the 10th IA Summit in Memphis in March 2009 and the first issue is now available online for free access, while each subsequent file will first be visible to members of IAI and only then proceed with the archiving, will be open to all: a kind of embargo to focus on the members 'operational'. Major focus is to create a forum sufficiently large and widespread in order to increase the "scientific" information architecture. For this, it intends to use all the tools available on the Web, from blogs to Twitter to discussion lists.

The interest of the promotion group is in fact to embrace this designation in other domains of contour to achieve a collective knowledge of the domain and its members themselves, thus offers the opportunity all practitioner, academics and practitioners, to systematize and how they carry out their work or their research along with practical knowledge as well as the principles that guide their work.

This inaugural issue is a mirror of social issues and themes that must tackle the information architecture and process:

• Dorte Madsen. Editorial: Shall We Dance? , p. 1-5
• Gianluca Brugnoli. Connecting the dots of user experience , p. 6-15
• Helena Francke. Towards an architectural document analysis , p. 16-36
• Andrew Hinton. The context of machineries , p. 37-47
• James Kalbach. On uncertainty in Information Architecture, p. 48-55.

is an active call for papers for the autumn issue of 2009, at journalofia.org / cfp . Interesting that the authorial strategy reflects the dual nature of the discipline (professionals and researchers) of the journal: the authors propose that you will be asked to indicate if you want to submit a manuscript to review their "academic" or review "professional."

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It is known that an electronic document is merely a series of pulses in binary logic housed in the tracks of a computer, that no one will ever see or interpret without the aid of the computer itself. So it happens that in the electronic document form is finally separated from the content and that can not be disposed of nothing but work on this or that representation (a video or print) the document, all copies (conforming? ) of an "original" otherwise invisible.

The document as a synchronic object has literally disappeared as a hypothetical god, I could feel the effects, but their root is unknowable. The diplomacy is going digital, compared with markup languages \u200b\u200band control procedures production / conservation, seeking only diachronic statements of authenticity. The document does not guarantee more of himself but the guarantee would come from the cognitive chain of relationships it has with all other documents in the collection, as with the dataset web pages.

The existence of the document as a representation of an unknowable object loses, so the Boolean certainty of belonging to a defined set and moved within a certain probability, which is typical of the humanities, logic fuzzy sets and its uncertain blurred, with truth values \u200b\u200bof between zero and one. Just as is happening in the courts, the presumption of authenticity of a document produced (whether analog or digital) is more convenient to take it for granted, to be false.

He has recently (June 30-July 3, 2009) discussed in a seminar Roman CASPAR project ( Cultural, Artistic and Scientific knowledge for Preservation, Access and Retrieval ), project co-funded by the Sixth Framework Programme European Union Development and applications of the model, source of NASA and ISO standard OAIS (Open Archival Information System ) for long-term preservation of digital objects.

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Chains cognitive representation

Nature transient and distributed on the Web, together with the non-unitary but procedural document web, presupposes and requires an infrastructure composed of various underground services, the value of which is not individual but collective because it depends on their complex and their integration: Internet Archive (for the "preservation" means the digital recording time of changes and developments of sites), Webcare (which does the same thing but by the same authors), Spurl (which - perhaps more effective than other typical products of 2.0 - collect and organize and share is above all rediscover the scoring of bookmarks), CiteSeerX (for the dissemination of scientific content) or providential Google cache, which contrasts the infamous link rot "Error 404. File Not Found, "and others. All services designed to provide stability to the system and tend to return to scoring single dissemination of resources and sources.

But the Web has at the same time also an inherently and spontaneously organization that can give individuality to items scattered on the ground that any unit is often made up of fragments unified ad hoc and therefore the need to unify and for purposes and in different ways: one page HTML can in support, hold - or refer to, around the world - PDF files, images, sound events, slide shows or video , blogs, RSS, or raw data organized in data tables, and so on.

This is possible because the information system of the Web no longer wishes to represent reality "outside" (like a traditional document and how it makes a database), but as object information system, contains objects - digital documents - which are no longer symbolic forms of events that make up the representation of a reality system-independent, but represent only themselves, are part of reality and indeed they are reality itself, reality appears to us only because cohesive metadata (contextual representation of facts "outside" in one area, however, object) can somehow be the "glue" that binds them, even though she was employed, the digital documents in the totality of the information system. Incidentally, this is the "revolution" of the Internet: an information system that replaces the "real" reality ...

On the one hand, therefore, is through a range of services, the other is through the very nature aggregative-diffusive Web document that is allowed a certain amount certainty of resources and sources.

complicate the picture: if a sentient being can easily, even at the end of a process is sometimes not easy to perceive and then dominate the boundaries and linkages of these fragments, it is not so easy to do when the field is to be an agent automatic, which must distinguish perinde ac cadaver chains of a given cognitive domain from other aggregates interesting or not specifically belonging to different ontologies. This is the problem posed by Pavel Dmitriev in his PhD dissertation at Cornell University in January 2008, As We May Perceive: Finding the boundaries of compound documents on the Web . Almost in response to this challenge, OAI (Open Archives Initiative ) has just created ORE (Object Reuse and Exchange), a project of drafting legislation to define and find aggregations of Web resources through the introduction of a special resource map , REM, a unit that describes precisely the borders of the fragments and bonds - for example, and the most famous: arXiv.org REM inside a repository, maintained by a very large group funded by Cornell.

go ahead, but if it were outside the ReM archive? In this case it would be subject to the same transient and fluctuations of the Web: missing pages, URL moved, content changed over time, compared management of a "democratic" and distributed, which is typical these days from 2.0. Helps here Herbert van de Sompel , formerly of Ghent and now Los Alamos National Laboratory and inventor of the 'open URL link resolver , who with others has created the "Remember", REM outside listing the aggregate resource (HR) aggregation that replenish lost and include descriptive metadata for each AR:

"Remember Attempts to harness the collective abilities of the Web community for preservation Purposes INSTEAD OF Solely Placing the burden of curatorial Responsibilities on a small number of experts."

Giving account of his invention in the recent six OAI in Geneva (17-19 June 2009) with Everyone is a curator: human-assisted preservation for ORE Aggregations where curator and everyone are the keyword de Sompel argues that the application to a set of online references mixed with simple references to web sites, allows for separate successfully from each other: using a semi-automatic and a low-cost services to the stability of the above.

The beauty of REM is hoped that could get excited de Sompel, can effectively be created by anyone with a minimum of human organization and therefore costs, "the Commons". Again, the identity (and identification and identification) of the author may take second place to the benefit of collaborative work but also for the benefit of products "grown up" virtually alone, autocrats (author, auctus from vogue, increase - Criminal Law perhaps speak of "author-mediated," but: there are really authors 'unique'? And how do we, in this case, the protection of copyright , even if Dublin Core [1] provides definitions and all in all pretty tautological interchange Figures author, creator, contributor, editor, publisher )? In fact, OAE 6 de Sompel has never spoken, although having of "scientific papers", but only and always dataset as integral parts of an unidentified " scientific record", for which reason could be the anyone editor of a scientific publication.

Anyone working on a REM, of course. This requires a rethinking of the traditional functions of the scientific community itself, its rules and its mapping, which is challenging the canons of traditional valuation metrics such as citations, for example, and then the functions of peer reviewing . Even beyond the traditional scientific journals, being transformed into enhanced journal as "publications liquid" proposed by the group-Daffodil-Marchese Casati (see under Liquefaction in "the Librarian" 3 / 2008, p. 137-138).

Among the first applications of the OAI-ORE - apart from the successful outcome of the control of the citations in JSTOR, the online historical archive of major scholarly journals in the seventeenth century - is to keep an eye www.myexperiment. org , a collaborative environment where scientists and researchers can safely publish their workflows, their items (or collections of objects) and test digital research projects, sharing with the group or finding related groups: a Facebook or MySpace so controlled, protected and reserved, but for which the substance of the (new) authorial relationship does not change

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Archivists assault

Simplification of archives in general Records management (which for us is only for the current archives) has meant that, in addition to the traditional archive system itself, a matter of discipline and its practitioners also typical management activities and documents, as the Government of content and discovery, and the complex together with the bureaucratic and technological resources, facilities, equipment, and above all the responsibility hierarchical system that an entire documentary maintain and develop.

transduce whole digital archives requires, in addition, precautions traditionally ignored by computer engineers, who willingly confuse data with information - not unlike what happened to the first electronic catalogs of libraries. What is the nature of the document? And as that of the electronic document? And the papers? And what about the conservative and the readability of these documents for the next hundred years for the purpose not only of history but also of legal certainty? And the conditions of reuse and interoperability? Questions not asked or, at best, ill-answers.

The problem is compounded when the documents and archives are multi-media or interactive, or "simple" web pages and other digital objects composed of heterogeneous formats. These documents and these archives are no longer a unified and unique, self-referential, as the paper document, but must be linked to other documents and other files to restore an adequate representation of knowledge: documents and, together , the processes that established them.

Exit, then, the problematic nature of pure technological application to land management in the organization when the archive is created, even in electronic form from the outset but even with the proper concern of his archival destination, taking into account the destination instrument, not final, archive, and indeed the system archives. Results obtained when the controller is trained archival process and when the recorder has a management training.
was already so in the procedures guaranteeing the document analog and now the caution is to be multiplied and changed instruments must be re-learned how

philosophy, also follows the language of technology. We envisage such tasks for the new archivist, new professional designations as knowledge workers (in the case, protocol) or knowledge manager (in the case, head of the document workflow) that add to the professional skills related, at least, with the diplomatic and the IR camera. In addition, the renovated complex and facet semantics, in addition to operating, the profile, generating lexical innovations are not always easy to understand that we face a "digital archive" by digital asset manager or digital preservation officer a preservation consultant or information management consultant, to the European project master, already active in Lulea and at least Glasgow (not to mention the Digital Curation Centre , usually funded by JISC), for the new professional profile of digital curator : indeed, the reference archive and is not in the name, but with archiving of archives and archivists, however, question.

engineer computer skills are enhanced as well, and this time for real, typical of the expert skills of information: it is the dream of the engineer. Philippe Dreyfus , but not on the side of the so-called ambiguous and "computer", a term of his own invention, but to their so-called - and just as ambiguous - "Retriever" (Archivists, librarians, etc.).. According to the article

Digital archivists, now on demand of Conrad De Aenlle February 7, 2009 on various American newspapers, the demand for these professionals to be part of the labor market both public and private, at least in the U.S. and especially after the collapse of Enron, and strong growth is expected over the next decade it will be tripled from the current 20 000 units: it is assumed that these professionals will mostly write routine for the production of documents compliant archive to legal certainty and long-term preservation - including the average salary for a job becoming more and more "key" is on the rise, ranging from $ 70,000 per year to 100 thousand in public and private sectors.

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Webology

Review by Mary Joan Crowley (Sapienza University of Rome)

" Webology " ISSN 1735-188X, is an international journal, open access and peer-reviewed , dedicated to World Wide Web. Special attention is given to the dissemination of information and communication processes as well as the social and cultural implications of the web. The magazine was founded in 2004 and is published quarterly. The publisher of the journal the Department of Computer Science and the University of Tehran (Iran), the editors and are associated, respectively, Alireza Noruz and Hamid R. Jamali . Both editors, as can be seen by their personal profiles, have extensive international experience and the other members of the editorial staff come from different countries such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, USA, China, France, and so on.

The international flavor of the magazine is also evident in its very nature, a magazine or online oriented Web (as medium), but also to its contents. The contents of the journal which are widely indexed (there's abstracts) are published under the terms of the Creative Commons license , ie that the legal system that offers six different sections of the copyright in the form "some rights reserved "in order to ensure circulation and reuse the work.

Since its foundation, " Webology " has ranged over a wide variety of topics and interests. There is a strong emphasis on new methods and technologies, primarily oriented towards experimental work, but there are theoretical and historical works. In today's topics are many: the digital library, libraries and the Web, information transfer, human behavior in search of information, the social impact of information, marketing in information, the management systems' information system (MIS), infometrica, scientometric, bibliometric, citation analysis, user studies and usability, intellectual freedom, the filtering of sites, the 'open access , knowledge organization, and always with the term Web in the name : semantics, ontology, thesaurus , "metric" ( Webometrics ) intelligence (WI), mining, and much more.

There are special numbers. The latest issue of the Journal has as its guest editor Louise Spiteri's School of Information Management Dalhousie University (Canada). The entire issue is devoted to folksonomy. The number
editorial reads as follows:

"The papers in this special issue Reflect the Diversity of Approaches taken to create better Web Resources That Reflect the needs of end users. Particular emphasis is Placed on the need to manage the tags and Increasing volumes of information available on the Web, Particularly as more people are Becoming Engaged with Numerous social applications. As is discussed in Some of the papers in this special edition, there is scope Certainly in Which to Consider ways to combine the more traditional controlled vocabularies with the free-flowing nature of tagging. "

Weller and Peters suggest in their paper to introduce a garden tag that allows a match between synonymous terms, thus providing an additional structure other than tags or tag clouds -user-document co-occurences in order to improve accessibility.
Some interesting articles published in previous issues:

• Application of Web 2.0 tools in medical librarianship to support medicine 2.0 of Vahideh Zare Gavgani e V. Vishwa Mohan, Osmania University, India;
• Deterring digital plagiarism, how effective is the digital detection process? di Jayati Chaudhuri, University of Northern Colorado Libraries, USA;
• Cybercrime and the law: an islamic view di Mansoor Al-A’li, University of Bahrain;
• Library 2.0 theory: web 2.0 and its implications for libraries di Jack M. Maness, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries, USA;
• Search engines and power: a politics of online (mis-)information di Elad Segev, Keele University, UK;
• A personalized word of mouth recommender model di Chihli Hung, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.

As can be seen, the field is really wide, since it dealt with themes of topical interest for authors from all over the globe. A demonstration of this fact, we observe that the statistics of the site's readers' Webology "from all over the world, mainly from Singapore, USA, Russia and Germany, followed by Benin, United Arab Emirates, UK, Saudi Arabia and Australia.

Another service of the magazine are reviews of books that not only are a good source of information on the latest publications, but also a way for librarians to be today's date in their particular areas of specialization, as well as going into unfamiliar areas. " Webology " lends a voice to different points of view and gives coverage to topics that would be difficult if not impossible to find elsewhere. No doubt it is a welcome contribution to the world of libraries and information science, the more welcome because the contribution comes from an "emerging" countries.

You can subscribe to receive email alerts for of news, but given the large amount of mail we receive today, perhaps it would be preferable to an RSS service.

[post-print from "The Librarian", III series, ISSN 11250992, 1 / 2009, p. 125-127]

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Webologia

Alireza Noruz is a little more than thirty meritorious researcher trained in Iran Library & Information Science the University of Shiraz and Tehran, and now at the Department of Sciences de l 'Information University Paul Cezanne Marseilles. Since 2004 he is founder and editor-in-chief of 'Webology, "International Quarterly (with web site in Iran) peer-reviewed journals in English and available in open access, the first magazine in the world to be dedicated - as name - the science and technology of the Web (structure, organization, topology, features, functions, interconnections, development), with the seemingly obvious and Library and Information Science, of course, ICT. The magazine has now reached the fifth year of publication, for a total of sixteen issues. Being free does not provide subscriptions if the service iscrivendovisi to receive e-mail the summary of the files released today. The magazine as a whole is reviewed more extensively below by Mary Joan Crowley .

The Web supports Noruz - probably on the basis of Perspectives of Webometrics of Lennart Björneborn and Peter Ingwersen ("Scientometrics" v. 50, No 1, p. 65-82) - to achieve, as most visible aspect of the Internet, the highest ever recorded by the impact of technology on communication and society, and this resource is growing exponentially influence on education, information business, on that news and how to govern. A counterweight is that the 'opacity the quality of this information and this knowledge, created by the willing, perhaps experts, but not certified, in the absence of any systematic peer reviewing: the more reason, he concludes Noruz, to study This unstructured and complex conglomerate of all types of information produced in any way by anyone and open to anyone else. The subject

/ webology /, therefore, is just an academic discipline and therefore is in an experimental stage and being developed, although some universities (for first in the Northern Marianas College Northern Marianas) is already establishing departments Webology and are growing in the world with this name enterprises, including individual services.

[post-print from "The Librarian", III series, ISSN 11250992, 1 / 2009, p. 124-125]