Interoperability in the sense of "reciprocal action" serves to unify the exchange and interaction of different systems including inhomogeneous and, therefore, to cooperate and exchange information or services for the reuse of information, obviously not only in the context of digital libraries. This synergy is, in fact, for all he has to allow the use of a single transmission medium for different objects, such as railways, telephone, road, but also databases, government job streams and the same XML. Since the inter-operability is becoming a right guaranteed by the European Union, especially after the "Declarations of Valencia (22-24 November 2006) 'Towards efficient, sustainable and supportive of' eGovernment and for the construction of a European common intelligence Government (ECIG) », that is whether, perhaps, there are no objective rules and, perhaps, almost mechanical, that the permit.
According to William Arms ("MIT Press", January 2000), two conditions must occur because of inter-operability is possible to speak : to build coherent services for which the individual components are different in the technology used and are managed by different organizations. Christine Borgman ( id., Ibid. ) requires, for its part, three other features: bring together the various systems in real time, ensuring the portability of software on different operating systems, and to enable data exchange between different systems. Paul Miller ("Ariadne", 24, 2000) but adds that interoperability is not so much as the systems of organizations, provided they put particular emphasis on information management, and lists six radical aspects: the technical as transport routes and communication, or the rules of data representation, the semantic and its nominations, the human or political accessibility to the strategic choices and control, the integration of community disciplinary or institutional, the legal access in legislation between different countries and the international with its problems of language and different approaches to technology and working practices.
In practice, it is always the co-presence "at least" two types of interoperability: technical, and conceptual, ranging provided at the beginning of the process architecture of an information system. The whole series has been well summarized by the " DL.org Policy Working Group" in just three strongholds, because the technical includes everything that is and software systems and data, the semantic everything about the Inter-operability syntactic content to the raw data and the organizational aggregates all the instances together with human and political aspects of inter-community, law and the variety of international cultural differences.
Open systems facilitate the standardization, which is closely related to its inter-operability and the need to proceed to the decompilation of software (traced by the code "object" to the "source") in order to achieve the same results with different products. And to achieve these goals - say Herbert Kubicek and Ralf Cimander presenting in the 'European Journal of ePractice " 6 January 2008, a search began in May 2008 - that it should strive Policy governments to move in this direction, the institutions responsible for large systems that provide access to scientific literature, together and in collaboration with users and trailing:
Organisational interoperability Occurs When Actors agree on the why and the When Exchanging of information, on common rules to ENSURE it Occurs safely, with minimal overhead, on an ongoing basis, and then draw up plans to do All These Things, and Carry Them out .
on any theme, Antonella De Robbins, Organisational Interoperability .
From engineering rules are, therefore, that landed in the rules of politics, implicitly confirming that the only motivation seems to be safe and effective, As always, the so-called "human resources", so that the subject is wide and developed by major channels: the economics of different systems can work together effectively and without compromising the distinctive features of each can in fact encourage, even and, of course, the achievement of integration between different cultures has not been approved, the limit of collective intelligence, who know something of, for example, governments and companies in Canada and Australia (still in dispute between them, moreover, the use of exclusive and non-generic term / Aboriginal /), first in world in the development of that branch of knowledge management that "difference management": how to work together, and well, Jews, Catholics and Muslims, heterosexual and homosexual abstainers with alcoholics, smokers and non-smokers, with carnivores and vegans, of course, Aboriginal Canadians and Australians with 'homo economicus West, as well as rules and principles of cataloging ...
[pre-print for " The Librarian", III series, ISSN 11250992, 3-4/2010]
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